Differences in the clinical presentation of chronic… : PAIN
life, measures of nociceptive processing, movement, sensorimotor, and muscle function. Studies were identified through electronic database searches and included after screening against predefined eligibility criteria. Standardized mean differences (SMD) or mean differences (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Associations between MDs with demographics and study characteristics were explored using meta-regression. Certainty of evidence was assessed using Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. Sixty-one studies were eligible with 45 included in meta-analysis. Individuals with WAD reported clinically relevant higher disability (100-point Neck Disability Index MD [95% CI] 11.15 [8.63, 13.68]), greater remote cold sensitivity (SMD 0.89 [0.57, 1.21]), lower quality of life (SMD −0.96 [−1.77, −0.16]), greater depression (SMD 0.60 [0.27, 0.93]), greater local (SMD −0.56 [−1.00, −0.13]) and remote (SMD −0.50 [−0.81, −0.19]) pressure sensitivity, le
