Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA ∗Address for correspondence: Dr Nathalie Pamir, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 3161 SW Pavilion Loop, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. E-mail: E-mail Address: [email protected] Cardiology Division, Liv Hospital, Ulus, Istanbul, Turkiye High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is an incredibly complex and heterogeneous particle whose full composition and