Deep Learning-Driven Exophthalmometry Through Facial Photographs in Thyroid Eye Disease
Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves’ orbitopathy, is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the orbit associated with thyroid conditions like Graves’ disease and autoimmune thyroiditis. This condition primarily affects orbital connective tissues, causing inflammation and tissue remodeling driven by activated orbital fibroblasts. Stimulated by autoantibodies and inflammatory cytokines, these fibroblasts differentiate into adipocytes and proliferate, resulting in symptoms such as periorbital swelling, eyelid retraction, diplopia, and proptosis.
